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Germanium is found in the ore used to produce zinc, although it also can be recovered from the ores of silver, lead and copper. Germanium can be found concentrated in some coal deposits in Russia and China. Scientists at USD are working to develop a process that will grow very large, very pure germanium crystals in a deep underground environment.
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GERMANIUM (Data in kilograms of germanium content unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2019, zinc concentrates containing germanium were produced at mines in Alaska, Tennessee, and Washington. Germanium-containing concentrates in Alaska and Washington were exported to a refinery in Canada for processing and …
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Currently, germanium is produced as a byproduct of zinc-bearing ore deposits. Acid mine drainage may have elevated signatures of germanium because of germanium's strong association to sulfide minerals (Shanks and others, 2017). Germanium is also recovered from lignite and coal deposits worldwide (Melcher and …
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Germanium and Ga are semiconductors and have applications to optics and the electronic industry (Moskalyk, 2003, Hammond, 2008). Due to the growing demand for these types of materials, Ge and Ga are important by-products at Kipushi, and understanding their distribution within the ore is essential for determining effective …
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Gallium has become increasingly popular as a substrate material for electronic devices. Aside from ore, gallium can be obtained from such industrial sources as the Bayer process caustic liquor that is a byproduct of bauxite processing, flue dust removed from the fume-collection system in plants that produce aluminum by the electrolytic process, zinc …
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In 1885, a new ore was found in a mine near Freiberg, Germany. The ore contained silver and sulfur. Winkler isolated a new element from the ore and named it as germanium. The name germanium is derived from Germany, which is the native country of Winkler. Germanium is a metalloid like silicon and as such is used to make semiconductor devices.
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Germanium (Ge) is one of the critical elements of modern technologies, with supply risk, inefficient production, and increased demand. It is used in high technology applications such as infrared systems, fiber optics, polymer catalysis, electronics, and …
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Thus, ore-bodies, when exposed to weathering processes, develop a zonal arrangement of different mineral associations, which reflect different degrees of oxidation. ... These include antimony, arsenic, cobalt, copper, germanium, and nickel. Not only would these elements contaminate the zinc product if they are present in significant quantities, ...
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Germanium (Latin Germania, for Germany) is found in argyrodite (sulfide of germanium and silver), coal, germanite, zinc ores, and other minerals. Germanium is obtained commercially from the smelter dust of zinc ore processing and the combustion byproducts of certain coals. A large reserve of this element is found in coal sources.
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Germanium, a critical metal, is predominantly located in lignite and lead–zinc ore. The germanium was commonly extracted from the fly ash of germanium-rich lignite (GRL), however, facing the challenges of specific combustion conditions, low lignite's thermal efficiency and value, high CO 2 emissions, and waste acid treatment. …
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While Alaska is regarded as a geological storehouse of minerals critical to the United States, it is less renowned as a current globally significant supplier of germanium, a zinc byproduct metalloid with optical qualities that make it an important ingredient in infrared and fiber-optics, and semiconducting properties being applied to …
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Germanium's versatility extends beyond electronics and optics; it also plays an integral part in renewable energy technologies such as solar cells. Germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4), derived from raw materials like clemensite ore or coal fly ash residue containing traces of this element, contributes to the production of highly efficient solar ...
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He isolated the new element from the ore and named it germanium, in honor of Winkler's native country, Germany. Winkler discovered that the properties of germanium were very similar to those that Mendeleev had predicted 15 years earlier. For example, Mendeleev thought element 32 would have a density of 5.5 grams per cubic …
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In the field of process mineralogy, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a valuable tool that can complement other mineralogical techniques used to characterise orebodies and concentrator performance. Many economic metals are present at ultra-low levels as solid solution or as inclusions within minerals …
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Germanium is never found as a pure metal in nature, but trace amounts occur in many minerals, including common metallic ore minerals such as the zinc mineral sphalerite. Zinc smelters produce the majority of the world's supply of germanium. Germanium is also recovered from fly ash produced by the burning of certain types of coal.
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Abstract Isolated lignite deposits in coal beds are always rich in germanium. Lignites and vitrains in coal beds are generally characterized by elevated germanium content, but anomalous concentrations are only seen in germanium-bearing coal beds. In coal fields, germanium is systematically observed at background levels in coal, but coal …
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Concentrating Ge in zinc hydrometallurgical process with hot acid leaching-halotrichite method ... The leaching kinetics of low grade zinc oxide ore in NH3-NH4Cl-H2O system was studied. ... The extraction separation of germanium from indium raffinate in hydrometallurgical zinc process was discussed.
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